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Text 1 Football player Adrian Peterson was indicted for negligent injury to a child after he whippedhis 4-year-old son bloody with a slim tree branch in September as punishment for pushing one of his siblings.The football player,and many others,seemed surprised that police got involved in what seemed to him a family matter."I am someone that disciplined his child and did not intend to cause him any injury,"Peterson said in a statement afierwards.The incident turncd up the heat under a national argument about how to discipline children.From conscrvatlve talk show host Sean Hannity to former basketball champion Charles Barkley,some leaped to Pctcrson"s defense.Others,including former NFL player Cris Carter and child development experts,argued ihat it is a tradition that should come to an end.But the research findings,says Alan Kazdin,professor of Psychology and Cliild Psychiatry at Yalc University.are overwhelming.Depending on how frequent and how aggressive,spanking can be dcstructive long before it becomes a clear cut case of child abuse.In a University of California study,infants who were often spanked subsequently had higher levels in the stress hormone cortisol when faced with a new experience,compared to children who weren"t spanked.Studies show that spankings result in higher production of stress hormones,which can make children less able to deal with other stresses."Moderate to heavy spanking（twice a week or more）predicts later mental and physical health and academic problems,"says Kazdin."It can change the immune system.Adults who as children were spanked regularly die at a younger age of cancer,heart disease,and respiratory illnesses.Spanking doesn"t change a child"s behavior,and even ifit did,there are so many hazards to it that it"s still not an appropriate method of discipline."lf studies of any other phenomenon had such consistent scientific results,they"d be adopted wholesale."If it were a diet pill,everyone would be taking it,"says Elizabeth Gershoff,associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin,who studies how discipline affects children"s development."But Americans don"t trust research when it comes to parenting and family life.We don"t like to be told how to run our families."21.According to Paragraph l,what happened to Adrian Peterson?